The determination of agroecological factors influencing crop pest populations is essential for the development of integrated pest management programs, due to the variability in pest population dynamics. Toxoptera aurantii is one of the key Hemipteran pests affecting cocoa crops in Cameroon. Like other aphid species, its population can reach thousands on cocoa farms; however, the impact of agroecological factors on its population dynamics remains insufficiently explored. This study aimed to assess the population dynamics of T. aurantii and examine the effects of agronomic and environmental factors on two cocoa varieties, Forastero and Trinitario, at the Libelligoi cocoa farm from January 2019 to December 2020. To carry out this investigation, monthly observations were conducted, wherein the number of aphids on chupons and flushes was counted. Our results indicate that the population dynamics of T. aurantii varied over time, with higher populations observed on chupons compared to flushes. This variation was closely linked to the vegetative activity of the cocoa trees, particularly the rate of appearance of flushes and chupons. However, there was no clear correlation between aphid population numbers and the number of chupons or flushes, suggesting that other factors, aside from the presence of these vegetative structures, influence aphid populations. Additionally, environmental factors such as humidity may play a role in aphid emergence. When considering the effect of cocoa variety and the nature of the host plant, we observed a tendency for aphid populations to be more closely correlated with the rate of appearance of chupons and flushes in single-variety cultivations. This dependency was more pronounced in the Trinitario variety, while it remained less significant in the Forastero variety. These findings underscore the critical role of agronomic factors and cultural practices in shaping aphid population dynamics. Our study highlights the importance of periodic removal of chupons from cocoa trees as a potential management strategy for controlling aphid populations.